how is hepatitis b transmitted

Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids, such as blood, semen, or vaginal secretions. It’s important to note that the virus isn’t spread through casual contact, so sharing utensils, hugging, or being in the same room wouldn’t typically pose a risk. The main modes of transmission include: engaging in unprotected sexual activity with an infected person—this is one of the most common ways adults acquire it; sharing needles, syringes, or other drug paraphernalia; and from mother to child during childbirth. It’s also worth mentioning that there can be risk from activities like sharing razors or toothbrushes if they come into contact with an infected individual’s blood. You mentioned sharing utensils and cups at a family BBQ, and that kind of casual sharing generally isn’t how the virus is spread, so try not to be overly worried about those situations. For your family’s safety, it’s a good idea to ensure that any cuts or wounds are covered, avoid sharing personal items that might have blood on them, and make sure everyone is vaccinated if they’re not already—vaccination is a key preventative measure. If you’re considering specific concerns about your cousin’s diagnosis and possible exposure, a conversation with a healthcare provider for personalized advice would be prudent. They can provide guidance on vaccination and any other precautions relevant to your individual situation.